Developing and Testing Computer- and Virtual Reality-Based Target Value Design Simulations

Knowledge of fundamental lean construction principles and tools is often imparted through the physical playing of serious games and simulations. However, globalization and the emergence of the recent pandemic have created increasing demands for scalability, as well as for diverse player usability and remote implementation of the games. That said, there are challenges associated with transforming existing lean simulations to technology-oriented modes, such as computer- and VR-based formats. For example, while the potential of using advanced formats is promising, it is unclear if these versions offer an equivalent level of learning effectiveness as in-person play. This research reports on the development and testing of different forms of the Marshmallow Target Value Design (TVD) Simulation, including computer- and VR-based formats. Researchers administered and assessed post-simulation questionnaires, and the moderator effect of perceived usability was determined and analyzed. Results show that the computer-based format was more effective than the physical-based format for some TVD principles and that the VR-based format was more effective than the physical-based Marshmallow TVD Simulation for most TVD principles. For the computer-based format, usability moderated learning effectiveness. These results indicate that when developing a computer-based simulation, the usability of the simulation must be considered to ensure maximum effectiveness.