@inproceedings{Gazali2026_2562,
  author = {Gazali, Abdhy and Nugroho, Muhammad Sapto and Nachdy, Wildan and Nurrahmawati, Annisa},
  editor = {Hamzeh, Farook and Poshdar, Mani and Garcia-Lopez,, Nelly P. and Gan, Vincent},
  title = {Relating Non-Physical Waste in Lean Construction to Carbon Emissions during Project Execution},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the International Group for Lean Construction (IGLC 34)},
  year = {2026},
  pages = {547--557},
  address = {Singapore, Singapore},
  issn = {2789-0015},
  doi = {10.24928/2026/0274},
  url = {https://www.iglc.net/papers/details/2562},
  abstract = {Lean Construction has been widely applied to improve efficiency and reduce waste in construction projects; however, its relationship with carbon emissions remains predominantly examined from material-based perspectives. This study explores how non-physical waste in Lean Construction such as waiting, downtime, and making-do relates to carbon emissions during project execution. This study employs a structured literature review to synthesize research on Lean–Green construction, focusing on relationships between process-based waste, waste-related outcomes, and carbon-generating activities. The findings indicate that non-physical waste contributes to carbon-relevant impacts through time-based and process-related inefficiencies, including extended activity durations, idle equipment operation, and repeated processes. Rather than causing direct material loss, these waste mechanisms indirectly increase the intensity and duration of carbon-generating activities. As a key contribution, this study proposes a structured analytical framework, including a generalized proxy formulation, to relate non-physical waste to carbon emissions based on additional operational time and activity-level carbon intensity. The framework complements existing material-based carbon assessments and provides a basis for future empirical validation.},
  keywords = {Lean Construction, Waste, Carbon footprint, Green Construction},
}